In federal criminal cases it requires indictment by a grand jury for any capital offense, or infamous crime, guarantees a speedy public trial with an impartial jury in the district in which the crime occurred, and prohibits double jeopardy. In 1972, the ERA was finally passed by Congress. By: Martha Griffiths, Birch Bayh and Marlow Cook Date: 1972 Source: 92nd U.S. Among the legal protections it affords, the Bill of Rights prohibits Congress from making any law respecting establishment of religion and prohibits the federal government from depriving any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law. The first Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), to ensure equal treatment of women and men, was proposed in 1923. ![]() Additionally, it forbade states from denying any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. It also prohibits unreasonable search and seizure, cruel and unusual punishment and compelled self-incrimination. It was t he 14th Amendment, in fact (ratified on July 9, 1868), that ultimately provided women with equal immigration rights by granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. The Bill of Rights protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to keep and bear arms, the freedom of assembly and the freedom to petition. The first ten amendments to the Constitution-the Bill of Rights-came into effect on December 15, 1791, limiting the powers of the federal government of the United States and protecting the rights of all citizens, residents and visitors in American territory. It is the oldest written national constitution in use and defines the principal organs of government and their jurisdictions and the basic rights of citizens. This amendment and the 13th and 15th amendments were a part of the Reconstruction Era of the United States, which focused on civil rights and rebuilding the war. The text of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) states that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex and further that the Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Written during the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia, the Constitution of the United States of America is the fundamental law of the US federal system of government and the landmark document of the Western world. Reconstruction Amendments Helped Freedmen. citizenship and required the federal government to uphold individual rights and protect all its citizens. The Bill of Rights of the US Constitution protects basic freedoms of United States citizens. The Act proved difficult to enforce, but in 1868 the 14th Amendment was ratified, granting African Americans citizenship, due process, and equal protection under the law.
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